![masculine gay men aucc masculine gay men aucc](https://cdn10.phillymag.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2013/10/oct-gay-92.jpg)
Furthermore, some patients may have difficulty in tolerating the nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal airways or feel uncomfortable due to the dry airway.Ĭurrently, while there is still no consensus or any established protocol for the best airway management for awake craniotomy, in recent years, a novel oxygen supply device, a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), has been introduced into medical practice. In addition, nasopharyngeal airway may cause injury to nasopharynx, and the airway may be obstructed by secretions or blood clot. However, nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal airways could not completely relieve upper airway obstruction, and concentration of inhaled oxygen cannot be adjusted. The spontaneous breathing can be maintained under mild to moderate sedation (BIS value 60–80) through nasopharynx or oropharyngeal airways. Furthermore, it is difficult to re-establish the airway when the patient is inducted into the state of being asleep again. Consequently, it takes a longer time for the patient to recover from anesthesia.
![masculine gay men aucc masculine gay men aucc](https://imgix.bustle.com/elite-daily/2017/05/08084443/Hottest-Male-Nurse-Feat.jpg)
Thus, endotracheal intubation or laryngeal mask, and a deeper grade of sedation/anesthesia (BIS value at 40–60) are required for the patients to prevent coughing and laryngospasm. When these methods were applied, the patient’s head is fixed during the surgical procedure, and potential laryngospasm or cough occur when the patient is awake, which may result in surgical bleeding, increased intracranial pressure or neurological injury.
#Masculine gay men aucc series#
Up to date, a series of venting devices including nasal cannula, simple facemask, bilateral nasopharyngeal, laryngeal mask, and endotracheal tube have been used in the awake craniotomy. There is a growing trend of preference for awake craniotomy as the approach for the removal of tumors in the sensitive cortical area has been established over the last few decades.Īirway management in the anesthesia for awake craniotomy is always concerned by anesthesiologists. The anesthetic management for this type of surgery must include sedation, analgesia, respiratory and hemodynamic control, and a responsive, co-operative patient for neurologic testing intra-operatively. However, this technique brings challenges both to the neurosurgeon and anesthesiologist. It allows continuous monitoring of patients’ neurological functions throughout the surgery to minimize iatrogenic language or motor deficits. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Īwake craniotomy is commonly performed for resection of epileptic lesions or tumors located close to or into the functionally essential motor, cognitive, or sensory cortical areas. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
![masculine gay men aucc masculine gay men aucc](https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Q4QTo632zT9oLGWwdt_HXKdOg1g=/0x5:706x402/1600x900/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/50259103/thismenolympics.0.0.jpg)
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.